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Linda | |
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In computer science, Linda is a model of coordination and communication among several parallel processes operating upon objects stored in and retrieved from a shared, virtual, associative memory. This model is implemented as a "coordination language" in which several primitives operating on ordered sequence of typed data objects, "tuples," are added to a sequential language, such as C, and a logically global associative memory, called a tuplespace, in which processes store and retrieve tuples.
The original Linda model requires four operations that individual workers perform on the tuples and the tuplespace: in atomically reads and removes—consumes—a tuple from tuplespace rd non-destructively reads a tuplespace out produces a tuple, writing it into tuplespace eval creates new processes to evaluate tuples, writing the result into tuplespace Linda was developed by David Gelernter and Nicholas Carriero at Yale University. Compared to other parallel-processing models, Linda is more orthogonal in that it treats process coordination as a separate activity from computation, and it is more general in that it can subsume various levels of concurrency—uniprocessor, multi-threaded multiprocessor, or networked—under a single model. Its orthogonality allows processes computing in different languages and platforms to interoperate using the same primitives. Its generality allows a multi-threaded Linda system to be distributed across multiple computers, or vice-versa, without change. Whereas message-passing models require tightly-coupled processes sending messages to each other in some sequence or protocol, Linda processes are decoupled from other processes, communicating only through the tuplespace; a process need have no notion of other processes except for the kinds of tuples consumed or produced (data coupling). Linda implementations can be found for Prolog, Ruby (Rinda), Python, C, Smalltalk, and Java. The earliest commercial and widespread implementation of virtual shared memory for supercomputers and clustered system was C-Linda or TCP-Linda from Scientific Computing Associates, founded by Gelernter. IBM also has a tuplespace platform named TSpaces. JavaSpaces is an implementation of Linda in Java by Sun, incorporated into the Jini project. Researchers have proposed more primitives to support different types of communication and co-ordination between (open distributed) computer systems, and to solve particular problems arising from various uses of the model. Researchers have also experimented with various means of implementing the virtual shared memory for this model. Many of these researchers proposed larger modifications to the original Linda model, developing a family of systems known as Linda-like systems and implemented as orthogonal technology (unlike original version). An example of this is the language Ease designed by Steven Ericsson-Zenith. Criticisms of Linda from the multiprocessing community tend to focus on the decreased speed of operations in Linda systems as compared to MPI systems. Detailed criticisms of the Linda model can also be found in Steven Ericsson-Zenith's book Process Interaction Models. The language name seems to be a pun on Ada's tribute to Ada Lovelace and is named after Linda Lovelace star of such classic porn films as Deep Throat. original - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_(coordination_language) Romada - (pancho-icq@rambler.ru) |
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| Methane Releases From Arctic Shelf May Be Much Larger and Faster Than Anticipated
A section of the Arctic Ocean seafloor that holds vast stores of frozen methane is showing signs of instability and widespread venting of the powerful greenhouse gas, according to the findings of an international research team led by University of Alaska Fairbanks scientists Natalia Shakhova and Igor Semiletov. The research results, published in the March 5 edition of the journal Science, show that the permafrost under the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, long thought to be an impermeable ...
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