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(PHP 4, PHP 5)

substr � Return part of a string
Description
string substr ( string $string, int $start [, int $length] )

substr() returns the portion of string specified by the start and length parameters.

If start is non-negative, the returned string will start at the start'th position in string, counting from zero. For instance, in the string 'abcdef', the character at position 0 is 'a', the character at position 2 is 'c', and so forth.

<?php
echo substr('abcdef', 1); // bcdef
echo substr('abcdef', 1, 3); // bcd
echo substr('abcdef', 0, 4); // abcd
echo substr('abcdef', 0, 8); // abcdef
echo substr('abcdef', -1, 1); // f

// Accessing single characters in a string
// can also be achived using "curly braces"
$string = 'abcdef';
echo $string{0}; // a
echo $string{3}; // d
echo $string{strlen($string)-1}; // f

?>

If start is negative, the returned string will start at the start'th character from the end of string.

<?php
$rest = substr("abcdef", -1); // returns "f"
$rest = substr("abcdef", -2); // returns "ef"
$rest = substr("abcdef", -3, 1); // returns "d"
?>

If length is given and is positive, the string returned will contain at most length characters beginning from start (depending on the length of string). If string is less than or equal to start characters long, FALSE will be returned.

If length is given and is negative, then that many characters will be omitted from the end of string (after the start position has been calculated when a start is negative). If start denotes a position beyond this truncation, an empty string will be returned.

<?php
$rest = substr("abcdef", 0, -1); // returns "abcde"
$rest = substr("abcdef", 2, -1); // returns "cde"
$rest = substr("abcdef", 4, -4); // returns ""
$rest = substr("abcdef", -3, -1); // returns "de"
?>
Doing for this function is string
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From the Heart: How Cells Divide to Form Different but Related Muscle Groups

Cover of the July 30, 2010, issue of Science magazine.

Using the model organism Ciona intestinalis, commonly known as the sea squirt, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have uncovered the origins of the second heart field in vertebrates.

Sea squirts are bag-like gelatinous creatures whose full genome has been sequenced--one that shares 80 percent of its genes with humans. Though its body is clearly more primitive than creatures with backbones and spinal columns, the sea squirt nevertheless offers a valuable ...

More at http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117378&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click

This is an NSF News item.

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